Hydrogen can also be stored in liquefied form. A cryogenic tank is used for this. This method of hydrogen refueling allows you to refuel a car to travel 300 km. Storage temperature ranges around (-253 degrees Celsius). One disadvantage of such a system may be that the heat pushes the hydrogen out, resulting in wasted fuel.
Hydrogen storage is usually arranged in gaseous form in a tank, and the tank must be tested under high pressure. The principle of hydrogen storage requires the tank to have high strength characteristics and it must withstand pressures of up to 300 bar. In this regard, the mass of hydrogen increases and safety requirements increase.
Hydrogen can also be stored in liquefied form. A cryogenic tank is used for this. This method of hydrogen refueling allows you to refuel a car to travel 300 km. Storage temperature ranges around (-253 degrees Celsius). One disadvantage of such a system may be that the heat pushes the hydrogen out, resulting in wasted fuel.
The principle of preparing the working mixture of a hydrogen engine. In all of the above systems, hydrogen is supplied to the intake manifold. Mixture formation is based on continuous fuel injection , using an electric valve and a hydrogen distributor. The development of mixture preparation by pulsed injection of hydrogen into the intake pipeline is considered progressive.
After natural oil reserves are depleted, people will have to rely entirely on alternative forms of energy production. A hydrogen engine, as a replacement for internal combustion engines running on black gold, is one of the prospects for future decades.
Features of hydrogen as fuel for internal combustion engines
- after combustion, only water vapor remains;
- the reaction occurs much faster than in the case of gasoline or diesel;
- detonation resistance allows you to increase the compression ratio;
- due to its volatility, hydrogen is able to penetrate into the smallest cavities, gaps between parts (only special alloys of increased strength are able to withstand the destructive effects of hydrogen on the metal structure);
- the heat transfer of hydrogen combustion is 2.5 times greater than that of a gasoline mixture;
- wide range of response. The minimum proportion of hydrogen sufficient to react with oxygen is only 4%. This feature allows you to adjust engine operating modes by dosing the consistency of the mixture;
- Hydrogen is stored in a compressed or liquid aggregate state. When the tank breaks down, the gas under pressure evaporates.
In view of the above features, the use of hydrogen as a clean fuel for internal combustion engines is impossible without introducing changes in the design of the power unit, as well as attachments.
A conventional internal combustion engine has a lot of disadvantages, so experts have long been searching for a worthy alternative to it. The appearance of electric motors at one time was a giant step forward, but technology is constantly evolving, and in 1997 hydrogen engines also appeared. With their help, it will be possible to solve problems related to fuel prices and environmental safety.
Advantages and disadvantages
From a practical point of view, all the pros and cons of hydrogen power units in the modern automotive industry are obvious and are determined by their technical characteristics. The undeniable advantages include the following factors:
- absolutely silent operation;
- high levels of environmental cleanliness;
- very decent efficiency;
- less toxic emissions into the atmosphere;
- guaranteed high power and performance;
- structural simplicity and the absence of unreliable fuel supply systems.
Among the significant disadvantages are the complexity and high cost of obtaining fuel in industrial quantities, and the lack of regulations for storage and transportation. The weight of the car will naturally increase noticeably, which is due to the need to install heavy current converters and powerful batteries on the vehicle.
Experts also note the high danger of using hydrogen, associated with the risk of an explosion and fire hazard when interacting with a heated exhaust manifold and motor oils. Today, the price of one kilogram of hydrogen is about 8-9 US dollars, so with a consumption of 1.2-1.3 kg per 100 km, the average cost of such a trip is quite comparable to operating a traditional gasoline car.
Design and operating features
The problem with gasoline engines is that the fuel burns for a long time and takes up the space of the combustion chamber somewhat earlier than the piston reaches its lower position. The principle of operation of a hydrogen engine is this: the fast H2 reaction shifts the injection time closer to the time the piston returns to its lowest position. In this case, the pressure in the fuel supply structure increases slightly.
If you obtain hydrogen from associated petroleum gas, the efficiency becomes incomparably higher - up to 70%. True, at the cost of carbon dioxide emissions.
Main disadvantages
The main disadvantage is the high cost. In addition to the electrochemical generator, which in mass production can cost less than batteries for electric vehicles, durable and lightweight tanks are also needed. For this, expensive carbon fiber is used.
A major drawback is energy efficiency. If hydrogen is used only as an intermediate link in the chain of energy delivery from the power plant to the wheels of the car, then the efficiency will be no more than 30%, taking into account losses for pumping and cooling of hydrogen before refueling. In contrast to 70-80% for electric vehicles.
If you obtain hydrogen from associated petroleum gas, the efficiency becomes incomparably higher - up to 70%. True, at the cost of carbon dioxide emissions.
If we produce cars with hydrogen engines, where will we get refills? In Europe, the number of hydrogen filling stations can be counted on one hand; we don’t have them at all. For such cases, engineers have invented a bivalent engine that can simultaneously run on hydrogen fuel and gasoline. The owner of this car will not depend on the availability of hydrogen fuel at the gas station.
Please note that hydrogen engines mean both units that run on hydrogen (hydrogen internal combustion engines) and engines that use hydrogen fuel cells. We have already discussed the first type above, now let's focus on the second option.
Hydrogen for the heavyweight
The last two years will be remembered for important “hydrogen” news. Let's talk about the famous Nikola One electric truck project, presented by the American company Nikola Motor in 2016. This story was continued.
So, Nikola One. An electric cargo vehicle, a tractor with electric drive and a battery with a capacity of 320 kWh. On board there is its own autonomous power plant. Electricity is generated by a hydrogen fuel cell system.
Nikola One for the American market
According to the manufacturer, this truck has an autonomous range of almost 1200 miles, in our opinion – 2000 km. And it moves with zero emissions of exhaust gases - there are simply no such gases.
Initially, they planned to equip it with a “stroke extender” - an on-board gas turbine generator, but then they settled on a fuel cell. True, for some markets the possibility of using a gas turbine generator was still left.
The declared characteristics of the tractor significantly exceed those of most electric vehicles, but there are also doubts - will the energy of the power plant be enough to move 35-ton loads? Operational practice will answer this question. But here another problem arises: where to get hydrogen in sufficient quantities for the Nikola One fleet?
Layout of the Nikola hydrogen tractor: 1 – cooling system; 2 – two electric gear motors for driving the front wheels; 3 – high-voltage and control electronics unit; 4 – traction battery; 5 – receiver of the pneumatic brake system and tank of the battery cooling system; 6 – electrochemical generator (300 kW fuel cells); 7 – tanks with hydrogen; 8 – rear axle with electric motor; 9 – saddle Photo: https://www.automobile-propre.com
Nikola Motors Chief Executive Officer Trevor Milton said the Nikola One electric truck concept will rely on its own hydrogen infrastructure. It will spread throughout the United States, partially capturing Canada. The company intends to build electrolysis plants and transport hydrogen to gas stations.
Not long ago, Nikola Motor found a partner - Nel ASA. The firm supplies equipment to Nikola, helping to create the largest hydrogen fuel network in the world. Suffice it to say that it will have 16 electrolysis stations operating using H2Station technology.
Mr. Trevor Milton, already familiar to us, stated that Nel ASA is already fulfilling the order for the supply of the first two stations based on alkaline electrolysers. The remaining 14 stations will receive a start in life in the near future.
Scott Perry, one of the leading specialists at Nikola Motor, said that Nel ASA has been supplying hydrogen to more than 80 countries since 1927. “We are confident that with such an experienced partner our project will be successful,” he concluded optimistically.
Initially, each station will produce up to 8 tons of hydrogen per day. However, the production volume can be increased to 32 tons per day. By the way, each Nikola truck will consume about 50–75 kg of hydrogen daily.
An interesting detail: Nikola Motor intends to provide its refueling stations for all hydrogen vehicles, and not just its own brand of trucks.
A little time passed, and Nikola announced that it would produce not one, but two tractors - Nikola One and Nikola Two. The second model differs primarily in its cabin. If Nikola One has a sleeping compartment, then Nikola Two is equipped only with a compact cabin for transportation, but not for relaxation.
From an energy point of view, Nikola Two is no different from Nikola One. Behind the cabin there are hydrogen cylinders to power the electrochemical generator. It generates electrical energy for geared motors with a total power of more than 1000 hp. With. According to the manufacturer, acceleration to 60 mph takes no more than 30 seconds, and the range on one hydrogen charge is 1,200 miles. Refueling will take no more than 15 minutes.
Nikola Two is also aimed at the American market
At the end of November 2022, the company introduced the third model of a hydrogen truck. It’s called Nikola Tre (“three” in Norwegian). If Nikola One and Nikola Two are addressed to the American market, then the cabover Nikola Tre will work in Europe.
Nikola Tre for the European market
The technical characteristics of Nikola Tre are practically no different from the first two models. Power plant with a capacity of 500 to 1000 hp. sec., torque up to 2000 Nm, range up to 1200 miles, refueling time approximately 20 minutes.
History of the hydrogen engine
Let's start with the fact that the idea to build a hydrogen engine appeared back in 1806. The founder was Francois Isaac de Rivaz, who obtained hydrogen from water by electrolysis. As you can see, the hydrogen engine was “born” long before a number of questions were raised regarding the environment and exhaust toxicity.
In other words, attempts to launch internal combustion engines on hydrogen were made not to protect the environment, but for the purpose of banal use of hydrogen as fuel. Several decades later (in 1841), the first patent for such an engine was issued; in 1852, a unit appeared in Germany that successfully operated on a mixture of air and hydrogen.
However, after the end of the war, further development of the hydrogen engine was suspended both in the USSR and throughout the world. Then this engine was remembered only when the fuel crisis occurred in the 70s of the 20th century. As a result, BMW built a car in 1979 whose engine used hydrogen as its main fuel. The unit worked relatively stably, there were no explosions or emissions of water vapor.
Other automakers also began work in this area, as a result of which, by the end of the 20th century, not only many prototypes appeared, but also quite successfully operating models of hydrogen fuel engines (gasoline and diesel engines using hydrogen).
However, after the fuel crisis ended, work on hydrogen internal combustion engines was also curtailed. Today, interest in alternative energy sources is growing again, now due to serious environmental problems, and also taking into account the fact that oil reserves on the planet are rapidly declining and prices for petroleum products are naturally rising.
Also, many governments are striving to become energy independent, and hydrogen is a very affordable alternative. Today, GM, BMW, Honda, Ford Corporation, etc. are working on hydrogen internal combustion engines.
TYPES OF HYDROGEN ENGINES
Science is constantly evolving. New concepts are being invented every day. But only the best of them come to life. Currently, there are only two types of hydrogen engines that can be cost-effective and efficient.
The first type of hydrogen engine runs on fuel cells. Unfortunately, hydrogen engines of this type are still very expensive. The fact is that the design contains expensive materials like platinum.
The second type includes hydrogen internal combustion engines. The operating principle of such devices is very similar to propane models. That is why they are often reconfigured to run on hydrogen. Unfortunately, the efficiency of such devices is an order of magnitude lower than those operating on fuel cells.
At the moment, it is difficult to say which of the two hydrogen engine technologies will win. Each has its own pros and cons. In any case, work in this direction does not stop. Therefore, it is quite possible that by 2030 a car with a hydrogen engine can be bought at any car dealership.
DEVICE AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Under ideal conditions, a hydrogen engine can have a closed-type power supply system. The mixture formation process occurs without the participation of atmospheric air. After the compression stroke, water remains in the combustion chamber in the form of steam, which, passing through the radiator, condenses and turns back into H2O. This type of equipment is possible if an electrolyzer is installed on the car, which will separate hydrogen from the resulting water for repeated reaction with oxygen.
In practice, this type of system is still difficult to implement. To ensure proper operation and reduce friction, engines use oil, the evaporation of which is part of the exhaust gases. At the present stage of technology development, stable operation and trouble-free starting of an engine running on detonating gas without the use of atmospheric air is not feasible.
Disadvantages of a hydrogen engine
Hydrogen engines for cars, despite all their advantages, are not without their disadvantages:
Of course, protecting the environment is of great importance, but so far car enthusiasts are not ready to sacrifice their own comfort and money for the sake of the environment.
Recommendations for creating a hydrogen engine with your own hands
Under normal conditions, it is almost impossible to isolate hydrogen from water. For the process to proceed successfully, it is necessary to use special catalysts. Today the following varieties are used:
Design bureaus and research institutes do not stop research to develop hydrogen engines with acceptable performance and maximum efficiency. Already today, the use of hybrid devices that successfully combine different power sources is practiced. The combination of hydrogen and gasoline is considered optimal. Scientists also continue to search for the ideal catalyst that can provide the greatest performance.
Formation of a hydrogen aggregate
To begin with, it is necessary to ensure the installation of a pipeline with additional containers. The liquid level sensor, fixed in the center of the cover, prevents false alarms during up and down movement. This device controls the automatic replenishment system.
The pressure sensor regulates the pumping of water, turning it on and off at 40 and 45 psi, respectively. When the load reaches 50 psi, the fuse is activated, the design of which includes two functionally significant parts:
- emergency relief valve is used in extreme situations;
- a rupture disk, the principle of which is to activate at a pressure of 60 psi, ensuring the safety of the system.
Particular attention should be paid to high-quality heat removal. For this purpose, the coldest candle is selected.
Hydrogen fuel cell engine
Please note that hydrogen engines mean both units that run on hydrogen (hydrogen internal combustion engines) and engines that use hydrogen fuel cells. We have already discussed the first type above, now let's focus on the second option.
A hydrogen fuel cell is essentially a “battery.” In other words, it is a hydrogen battery with a high efficiency of about 50%. The device is based on physical and chemical processes; in the body of such a fuel cell there is a special membrane that conducts protons. This membrane separates two chambers, one of which contains the anode and the other the cathode.
Hydrogen enters the chamber where the anode is located, and oxygen enters the chamber with the cathode. The electrodes are additionally coated with expensive rare earth metals (often platinum). This allows it to play the role of a catalyst that affects hydrogen molecules. As a result, hydrogen loses electrons. At the same time, protons pass through the membrane to the cathode, and the catalyst also affects them. As a result, protons combine with electrons that come from outside.
Such hydrogen engines allow you to travel at least 200 km. on one charge. The main disadvantage is the high cost of fuel cells due to the use of platinum, palladium and other expensive metals. As a result, the final cost of transport with such an engine increases significantly.
DIFFICULTIES IN OPERATING HYDROGEN ICES
DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The automotive industry is far from the only area where hydrogen engines can be used. Water transport, railway transport, aviation, as well as various auxiliary special equipment can use power plants of this type.
To create a full-fledged system, you will also need an additional drive and battery. It is best to use a water filter as a housing, or you can buy a special installation. The latter uses cylindrical electrodes of increased productivity.
Hydrogen fuel cells
A hydrogen fuel cell, from a design point of view, is a kind of rechargeable “battery” with high efficiency levels (about 50%). Physico-chemical processes take place inside the housing with the participation of a special membrane responsible for the conduction of protons. By means of such a membrane element, the housing is divided into a pair of parts - a reservoir with an anode and a chamber with a cathode.
The chamber with the anode is filled with hydrogen, and atmospheric oxygen enters the cathode part. Expensive rare earth metals, including platinum, are used to coat the electrodes. The surface features provide interaction with hydrogen molecules, resulting in the loss of electrons. Simultaneously with this process, protons pass through the membrane to the cathode. Thanks to this effect of the catalyst, protons combine with electrons supplied from outside.
The result of the reaction that occurs is the formation of water and the flow of electrons from the anode chamber into the electrical circuit connected to the power unit. Thus, the engine is driven by a hydrogen fuel cell and can operate for about 200-250 km. The use of such technology and the serial production of cars with hydrogen engines are hampered by the need to use platinum, palladium and other expensive metals in the design of elements.
DIY hydrogen engine
Generator
To create an efficient hydrogen engine for a car with your own hands, you need to start with a generator. The simplest homemade generator is a sealed container with liquid into which electrodes are immersed. For such a device, a 12 V power supply is sufficient.
The fitting is installed on the cover of the structure. It removes a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Actually, this is the basis of the generator for a hydrogen engine, which is connected to the internal combustion engine.
To create a full-fledged system, you will also need an additional drive and battery. It is best to use a water filter as a housing, or you can buy a special installation. The latter uses cylindrical electrodes of increased productivity.
As you can see, isolating the required gas for the reaction is not that difficult. It is much more difficult to produce it in the quantity required for a hydrogen engine. To increase efficiency it is necessary to use copper electrodes. In extreme cases, stainless steel will do.
During the reaction, the current must be applied at different levels. Therefore, you cannot do without an electronic unit. In addition, there must always be a certain amount of water in the reservoir for the reaction to take place under normal conditions. The automatic refueling system in a hydrogen engine solves this problem. The intensity of electrolysis ensures a sufficient amount of salt.
To make water for a hydrogen engine, you need to take 10 liters of liquid and add a tablespoon of hydroxide.
Hydrogen engine design
First of all, you need to take care of additional tanks and piping. The hydrogen engine needs a water level sensor, which is installed in the middle of the cap. This will prevent false triggering when moving up and down. It is he who will give the command to the automatic replenishment system when needed.
The pressure sensor plays a special role. It turns on at 40 psi. As soon as the internal pressure reaches 45 psi, the pumping is turned off. If 50 psi is exceeded, the fuse will trip.
The fuse for a hydrogen engine must consist of two parts: an emergency relief valve and a rupture disk. The rupture disc is activated when the pressure reaches 60 psi without causing any harm to the system.
To remove heat, you need to use the coldest candle. Candles with platinum tips are not suitable. Platinum is an excellent catalyst for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen.
Electrical part
Timer 555 plays an important role in the electrical circuit of a hydrogen engine. It acts as a pulse generator. Moreover, it can be used to adjust the frequency and width of the pulse.
The hydrogen engine board must have two 555 pulse timers. The first one must have larger capacitors. The output from leg 3 goes to the second generator. He actually turns it on.
The third output of the second timer of the pulsed hydrogen generator is connected to resistors of 220 and 820 Ohms. The transistor amplifies the current to the desired value. The 1N4007 diode is responsible for its protection. This ensures normal operation of the entire system.
Here, the operating principle of a hydrogen engine is electrolysis. Same as lead acid batteries. Only the efficiency is 45%.
What is hydrogen and how to use it
When viewed from a comprehensive perspective, hydrogen best suits today's energy supply needs. Does not pollute the environment and is practically endless if obtained from ordinary water.
There are already cars that run on such a volatile substance as hydrogen. It is clear that there is still a long way to go before a mass transition to this gas instead of gasoline. But nevertheless, everything is going that way.
It is based on the reaction of the decomposition of water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Today, the use of this reaction is developing in two directions:
- internal combustion engines using hydrogen;
- hydrogen fuel cells powering the electric motor.
Let's consider each of them separately.
Hydrogen internal combustion engines
There are several nuances here. Impressive heating and compression cause the gas to react with the metal components of the unit and the lubricating fluid. And if there is a leak, in contact with the hot exhaust manifold, of course, it ignites. Taking this into account, you need to use rotary engines with an exhaust manifold at a decent distance from the intake manifold. Which reduces the likelihood of fire.
Also, the ignition system requires some changes. And a hydrogen-powered unit with internal combustion is inferior in efficiency to an electric motor using hydrogen elements. But all this has been in development for quite a long time, so that day is not far off.
Units powered by hydrogen batteries
Here, the operating principle of a hydrogen engine is electrolysis. Same as lead acid batteries. Only the efficiency is 45%.
Gasoline burns slowly, and in the case of hydrogen, the injection time shifts to the moment the piston returns to its extreme position, and the pressure may be low.
Prospects for hydrogen energy systems
A meeting of energy ministers and heads of energy structures from more than 30 countries was held in Tokyo at the end of September this year. It discussed the prospects for hydrogen energy systems in the world for the coming decade. According to the Kyodo News agency, the resolution of the meeting stated the goal of ensuring that in 10 years there will be “10 million vehicles with hydrogen systems” and “10 thousand hydrogen refueling stations” in the world. In January 2022, at the initiative of Japanese companies Toyota Motor Corp. and Air Liquide, the Hydrogen Council was created - the International Council on Hydrogen Technologies. It includes 27 concerns, firms and companies, including, in addition to Japanese ones, Audi, BMW, Daimler, Shell, Total, etc. The transition to hydrogen will significantly reduce CO2 emissions in industries such as transport, the chemical industry and metallurgy.
However, such revolutionary transitions entail commercial, financial and social changes. Most often complex and sometimes very painful. The latter are largely due to the speed of change and insufficient time to prepare for it.
Operating principle of a hydrogen engine
The operation of a hydrogen fuel engine differs from the operation of an internal combustion engine, primarily in the characteristics of the supply and ignition of the fuel mixture, but the operating principle remains the same.
Gasoline burns slowly, and in the case of hydrogen, the injection time shifts to the moment the piston returns to its extreme position, and the pressure may be low.
Under ideal conditions, a hydrogen engine is completely capable of operating without any air supply: after compression, steam will remain in the combustion chamber, which will again become water (this will be provided by the radiator). However, in practice this is difficult to achieve, because you will have to install an electrolyzer (a special device that separates hydrogen from water in order to react with oxygen) on the car.
The K1 class SUV was launched into mass production six years ago. The model, which has taken a leading position in the field of hydrogen fuel use, is distinguished by its compact dimensions. The car is equipped with a power plant consisting of two gas cylinders, which are filled with compressed hydrogen under a pressure of 700 atm. This car is very good in dynamics, but the best option is the urban driving cycle.
4JM – the world's best hydrogen engine
It should be noted that the chemical reaction to generate electrical energy occurs without combustion, thereby increasing the environmental friendliness of an already absolutely “clean” electric motor. Energy conversion in the 4JM engine is carried out with an efficiency of 83%. The engine is equipped with a secondary nickel-cadmium battery in the form of a 21 kW battery.
4JM powerplant based on Mirai platform
4JM is an AC synchronous motor. During regenerative braking, the battery stores the electricity returned to the network, which is generated by the traction motor in generator mode.
With the help of a converter, the voltage obtained on the elements increases to 650 V. This is necessary in order to reduce the geometric parameters of the electric motor and the number of fuel cells, and to compactly fit the components of the system inside the car. Direct current is converted into alternating current using an inverter. During the refueling process, hydrogen is pumped into the tank through a carbon filtration system. When moving through the air intakes, air from the atmosphere enters the battery.
A chemical reaction with hydrogen begins, resulting in the production of electrical energy. When you press the accelerator, it is supplied from the battery to the motor. Chemistry experts will immediately determine that the only byproduct in this chain is the water formed as a result of the chemical reaction. It is discharged through the exhaust pipe.
Externally, the car is no different from its petrol and diesel counterparts.
The placement of the battery and high-pressure hydrogen cylinders in the center of the machine, coupled with the optimal settings of the electric motor, ensure optimal control of power indicators. The result is that the car is responsive to driver input at any speed, increasing torque and providing smooth acceleration. The braking procedure occurs in reverse order.
The geometry of the vehicle is designed to ensure the lowest possible center of gravity, optimal weight distribution of the front and rear parts of the body and overall maximum structural rigidity.
Hydrogen storage tank
The number of hydrogen tanks is 2 (60 and 62.4 l, respectively). Gas is stored in them at a pressure of 70 MPa. The maximum mass of hydrogen pumped into the container for 3 minutes is 5 kg. This allows you to travel up to 650 kilometers on one fill, reaching a maximum speed of 175 km/h.
Hydrogen-powered models
The development and production of a truly functioning prototype of an innovative car costs approximately a million dollars. The largest automobile concerns have such sums at their disposal, but they rarely consider investing in such projects a highly profitable undertaking.
Honda FCX Clarity
The model has a power plant in the form of hydrogen fuel cells. Leasing sales started in America 11 years ago, and a very compact-sized energy station (Home Energy Station) was developed for refueling. The acceleration and braking subsystem in this car is equipped with an exclusive ionistor in the form of a super-capacitor without the presence of traditional “plates”. The range on one charge is 700 km. The retail price of the model is almost 63 thousand US dollars.
Hyundai Tucson/ix35 FCEV
The K1 class SUV was launched into mass production six years ago. The model, which has taken a leading position in the field of hydrogen fuel use, is distinguished by its compact dimensions. The car is equipped with a power plant consisting of two gas cylinders, which are filled with compressed hydrogen under a pressure of 700 atm. This car is very good in dynamics, but the best option is the urban driving cycle.
Hyundai Nexo
The South Korean model of the second generation of hydrogen crossovers is distinguished not only by a new platform, but also by a lightweight body, a battery in the trunk and an improved structure of fuel cells. The volume of three identical-sized tanks is 52.2 liters of hydrogen. The model was tested in the Arctic Circle, where it quite easily confirmed its performance in harsh climatic conditions.
Toyota Mirai FCV
The Japanese hydrogen eco-car is a new era of automobile manufacturing. The four-door sedan is characterized by the presence of a noticeably improved power plant, modernized and improved units. The Toyota Mirai is equipped with highly efficient FC stack hydrogen fuel cells and an AC synchronous electric motor. The range on one charge of two refueling cylinders is 650 km.
Design bureaus and research institutes do not stop research to develop hydrogen engines with acceptable performance and maximum efficiency. Already today, the use of hybrid devices that successfully combine different power sources is practiced. The combination of hydrogen and gasoline is considered optimal. Scientists also continue to search for the ideal catalyst that can provide the greatest performance.
Types of catalysts
Under normal conditions, it is almost impossible to isolate hydrogen from water. For the process to proceed successfully, it is necessary to use special catalysts. Today the following varieties are used:
Design bureaus and research institutes do not stop research to develop hydrogen engines with acceptable performance and maximum efficiency. Already today, the use of hybrid devices that successfully combine different power sources is practiced. The combination of hydrogen and gasoline is considered optimal. Scientists also continue to search for the ideal catalyst that can provide the greatest performance.
In June 2022, AT Energy signed a strategic agreement with Linde Gas Rus JSC, a subsidiary of the industrial gases manufacturer Linde Group. The partners will supply owners of unmanned vehicles with hydrogen cylinders produced by Linde. This will help solve the most important problem in hydrogen energy for drones - refueling infrastructure.
Niche element
Competing companies believe hydrogen will help their centers be more efficient. “Warehouse equipment is a niche in which hydrogen fuel cells have already firmly established themselves,” says Danila Shaposhnikov. — Electric batteries of forklifts run out quickly and take a long time to charge. There are long pauses in work. In addition, batteries have a short lifespan. And hydrogen technology is reliable, unpretentious and, moreover, environmentally friendly - such loaders can operate in enclosed spaces.”
The fact that hydrogen power plants are virtually silent makes them attractive for the production of military equipment. Already now, for example, submarines are equipped with such installations. Hydrogen also serves the needs of households: power plants with a capacity of 1 to 5 kW can generate electricity in cogeneration mode, simultaneously providing heat for the heating system and water heating.
Sources
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