Operating principle and generator connection diagram

Any car has its own on-board autonomous electrical network with all the inherent elements, energy source, storage device and consumers. Each of the nodes is functionally complete, they are connected by electrical wiring, and the network parameters are clearly standardized thanks to the accumulated experience in the production of automotive electrical equipment.

The power source for the electronics is a generator, which will be discussed in this article.

Dismantling and checking voltage regulators on a VAZ 2107

First, let's decide on the tools and devices that will be needed for the job. Here they are:

household multimeter;
open-end wrench 10;
flat screwdriver;
Phillips screwdriver.

Sequence of work

If the driver suspects that the voltage regulator is broken, then the first thing he should do is check the voltage supplied by the battery.

The car engine turns off and the hood opens. Using a multimeter, the voltage between the battery terminals is measured. If it drops below 13 volts (or, conversely, rises above 14 volts), then this indicates a breakdown of the regulator.
Having made sure that the battery is not charging well precisely because of a faulty regulator, it must be disconnected from the car's network, but first the ground wire must be removed from the battery. If this wire is not disconnected, then there is a high probability of a short circuit, which will lead not only to the burnout of many fuses in the closed section, but also to melting of the electrical wiring itself.
If an old external regulator is installed on a VAZ 2107, then all terminals are manually removed from it, after which the nuts that hold the regulator to the car body are unscrewed with a 10-mm open-end wrench.
If the VAZ 2107 is equipped with an internal three-level regulator, then to remove it you will need to unscrew a pair of mounting bolts holding this device in the generator housing with a Phillips screwdriver.
After removing the regulator, the negative pole of the battery is connected to the relay ground (if the regulator is external), or to contact “Ш” (if the regulator is internal);
The positive pole of the battery is connected to contact “K” (this contact is available on all types of regulators);
The multimeter is connected either to the generator brushes or to the relay outputs.
After turning on the multimeter and applying a voltage of 12–15 volts, it should also appear on the generator brushes (or on the relay outputs, if the regulator is external). If the voltage generated on the brushes or outputs remains constant, then this is a clear sign of a breakdown of the regulator. If no voltage is detected at the brushes or outputs at all, there is a break in the regulator.
Both in the event of a breakdown and in the event of a break, the regulator will have to be changed, since this device cannot be repaired.
The failed regulator is replaced with a new one, after which the vehicle's electrical system is reassembled.

Video: checking the voltage regulator on a VAZ 2107

Like any other device, the voltage regulator can break down suddenly. And it’s especially difficult for the driver if the breakdown occurs far from home. There is nothing surprising here: drivers who constantly carry spare regulators with them need to look further. But even in such a difficult situation, there is still a way to get home (or to the nearest service center). But you won’t be able to get there quickly, because every hour you’ll have to crawl under the hood and remove the terminals from the voltage regulator. And then, using a suitable piece of insulated wire, connect the positive terminal of the battery and contact “Ш” on the regulator. This is done so that the charging current does not exceed 25 amperes. After this, the regulator terminals return to their place, and the car starts. You can drive it for about 30 minutes, and you should turn on the maximum number of energy consumers - from the headlights to the radio. And after 30 minutes you should stop again and do the entire above procedure again, since without this the battery will simply recharge and boil.

So, even a novice car enthusiast can check the voltage regulator on a VAZ 2107. All that is required is the ability to use a multimeter and a screwdriver. Following the recommendations listed above will allow the car owner to save about 500 rubles. This is how much it costs at a car service center to check and replace the voltage regulator.

How does it all work?

First you need to understand how everything works. So, on the VAZ-2107, the on-board network is powered from two sources - the battery and the generator. The first provides electricity to all consumers until the power plant is started. The battery itself is a storehouse of electrical charge, which it releases when needed.

A generator is a unit that generates electricity, but for this it is necessary that it perform a mechanical action (its rotor rotates). In order for the generator to operate and power the network, it is driven from the crankshaft via a belt drive.

Everything works simply: to start the engine, the battery energy is supplied to the power electric motor - the starter, as well as the ignition system. After the power plant starts, the generator will be driven by the drive, the generated energy of which will power all devices. It will also be supplied to the battery to restore the charge spent on starting the power plant.

Recharging the battery from the generator must be carried out without fail, otherwise after several starts of the power plant, the loss of electricity in the battery will be significant (the battery runs out), and it will simply not be able to start the engine.

In order to monitor charging, a warning lamp and a voltmeter are installed on the dashboard of the VAZ-2107. Thanks to these control devices, it is possible to detect that the battery is not charging.

If the entire circuit through which the battery is recharged is in good condition, then after turning on the ignition, the charge indicator lamp lights up, but after starting the engine and entering the operating mode, it should go out, which indicates that voltage is supplied to the battery. In this case, the arrow on the voltmeter should be in the green zone, indicating that the voltage parameters correspond to the norm. But if, after starting the engine, the lamp lights up and “blinks”, while the arrow may twitch, this indicates a malfunction.

It should be immediately noted here that it often happens that the battery icon is on when the engine is running, but the voltmeter shows that charging is in progress. In general, the behavior of this system can be very different - charging is not happening, it is, but control devices show the opposite, recharging periodically disappears, but then is restored. In this case, there is a possibility of undercharging or overcharging, which are detrimental to the battery. A weak battery will eventually lead to it being completely discharged over time and making it impossible to start the car.

Designations of generator contact terminals

Contact terminals (terminals, plug connectors, etc.) of generating sets of different models, years of manufacture and manufactured by different electrical manufacturers may have different letter, number or symbol designations.
At the same time, not only a novice auto electrician or mechanic who is inexperienced in repairing on-board electrical network systems of cars, but even an experienced electrical equipment repair specialist may encounter unfamiliar designations, which can lead to unpleasant technical consequences during repairs and diagnostic checks of the generator. For those who are engaged in diagnosing and repairing electrical equipment only of domestic cars, it will not be difficult to remember the not so extensive list of symbols on the terminals of generators, but the contact connectors and terminals of generators of foreign cars often contain many unfamiliar symbols. It should be taken into account that sometimes the terminals and contacts of generators from individual manufacturers may have the same letter designation with different functionality.

Table 1 shows the most common designations of electrical contacts and terminals of generators, both domestic and foreign.

Table 1. Designation of contact connectors and terminals of generating sets

Source

Gas generator connection single and three-phase

The connection diagram for a three-phase power generator to a house or dacha in the presence of the same network implies similar connections as with a single-phase system. The only peculiarity: it is necessary to make more connections, since in this case the number of wiring strands is increased.

There is an important nuance: if you use a starter, then its contacts are intended for power wires, they will not be enough for the coil, you need to decide where to get the power for it.

Connecting a single-phase generator to the same network does not have the described complexity - there is only one phase, such a question simply does not arise. With three phases - L1, L2 and L3 - everything is more complicated. The solution is briefly simple: for the control circuit it is permissible to take any of the phases, but only one. For example, if the KM1 coil is powered from L3, then the control for the remaining starters, the start/stop keys, is also “hung” only on it. This is easy to do: mark with a marker or remember the color of the wire with the desired phase

We will consider phase mismatch briefly, since this is a separate topic. Connecting a three-phase gas generator to a single-phase network is possible, for example, using one of the power cores and a working zero. But the power is reduced by 3 times, and gasoline is consumed as usual. And if you separate 3 single-phase connections, phase imbalance may occur. Therefore, more complex schemes are used.

Connecting a single-phase generator to a three-phase home network is also possible. There are many schemes, but the simplest is this: parallel combination of 3 phases and connection to 1 phase of the power plant. At each phase the load will be distributed evenly.

Selection guide: you definitely need to buy a three-phase generator if the house has one and three-phase consumers at the same time, which often happens in private housing. Usually the product has a 380 V and a 220 V socket, that is, it can simultaneously power two types of devices.

Grounding

It is necessary to ground the backup source - a static charge arises on the case. It will be necessary to construct a separate grounding loop. It is ideal if it is possible to create a full-fledged structure, but a simple method is also suitable. You will need a metal rod 1.5–2 m, a bolt or clamp (metal), soft copper wire (large cross-section from 4 mm²). The core is connected with a clamp to the pin. Or they weld a bolt and attach it to it. The rod is driven into the ground, the other end of the wire is fixed to the generator housing.

So, the presented diagrams will help the user decide whether it is worth assembling autostart systems, buying an automatic transfer system, or getting by with manual start.

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Now how to connect if the generator does not match the wiring?

You need to connect the generator without additional. diodes, and the wiring is three wires (with a light bulb)

If the old generator had additional diodes and used three wires for connection, but the new generator is simpler with a voltage regulator Y112A, and two wires are enough for it. In this case, the third wire from the light bulb simply remains unconnected. In this case, the light bulb stops working, but all machines of this generation have either a voltmeter or an ammeter and you can use them to control charging.

You need to connect a generator with an additional diodes, and the wiring is two wires

If the old generator was simple, without additional diodes and it needed two wires to connect, but the new, more modern one, with additional ones. diodes and requires three wires to connect, then you need to ignore the additional ones. diodes, forget about them and connect the generator as if it were without additional. diodes. But you will have to open the regulator housing and replace the voltage regulator, instead of Y112V put Y112A

If we leave the voltage regulator YA112V, then we need a separate wiring to connect the power output of the generator to a free point D.

When the ignition is turned on, a plus appears at point B, the regulator opens and a current from the generator plus appears in the excitation winding through the additional bus. diodes, and through brushes.

If the ignition is not turned on, then the current from the power output of the generator will not flow through the excitation winding to ground, because while there is no plus at point B of the regulator, the regulator transistor is closed.

This option is good because there is no need to change the regulator, it is very easy to connect the wiring, and because only a very small regulator switch-on current passes through the ignition switch, and the excitation current passes along a short path, from the generator output, through the additional bus. diodes, then to point B, to the brushes and through the transistor to ground. The disadvantage is the same as in circuits with Ya112A - if the engine is not running and the ignition is on, the battery is discharged through the field winding.

Features of connecting generators to a UAZ if the wiring does not match the generator

On UAZ cars with an old instrument panel, generators 6631(51).3701-01 are installed. This is a generator without extras. diodes, two wires go to such a generator.

On UAZ cars with a new instrument panel, they install generators 6631(51).3701 with additional. diodes, three wires go to such a generator.

Electrical diagram VAZ-2107 carburetor

Electrical diagram of VAZ 2107, 21074 produced in 1988-2001 with generator 37.3701

block headlights
side direction indicators
accumulator battery
starter relay
carburetor electro-pneumatic valve
carburetor microswitch
generator 37.3701
gearmotors for headlight cleaners *
Fan motor switch sensor
engine cooling fan motor
sound signals
distributor
spark plug
starter
coolant temperature gauge sensor
engine compartment lamp
low oil pressure warning sensor
low brake fluid level indicator sensor
windshield wiper motor
carburetor electro-pneumatic valve control unit
ignition coil
headlight washer pump motor *
windshield washer pump motor
mounting block
windshield wiper relay
hazard warning and direction indicator relay
brake light switch
reverse light switch
ignition relay
ignition switch
three lever switch
hazard switch
socket for portable lamp**
heater fan switch
additional resistor for the electric motor of the heater (stove)
rear window heating indicator lamp
low brake fluid level warning lamp
signaling unit
heater fan electric motor
glove compartment lamp
light switches on the front door pillars
switches for warning lights of open front doors ***
front door open warning lights ***
connection block
cigarette lighter
watch
instrument light switch
diode for checking the serviceability of the low brake fluid level indicator lamp
fuel level indicator
fuel reserve indicator lamp
speedometer
turn signal indicator lamp
carburetor choke indicator lamp
battery charge indicator lamp
carburetor choke warning switch
instrument cluster
econometrician
light switches on the rear door pillars
coolant temperature gauge
tachometer
parking brake indicator lamp ("handbrake")
low oil pressure warning lamp
high beam indicator lamp
indicator lamp for turning on external lighting
voltmeter
parking brake indicator switch ("handbrake")
outdoor light switch
rear window heating switch with backlight
rear fog light switch with on/off indicator *
fog light circuit fuse
lampshade ****
tail lights
level indicator and fuel reserve sensor
connectors for connecting to the rear window heating element *
license plate lights 2107

Wiring diagram VAZ-2107 carburetor - full view:

Design and principle of operation

As you know, the main purpose of a generator device is to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Thanks to this, the unit restores the capacity of the battery and also allows you to power all electrical equipment in the car. The generator device is located in the front of the power unit and is driven by the crankshaft.

More details about the main elements and principle of operation:

Rotary mechanism. This element is a shaft with an installed field winding. Both halves of a given winding are located in opposite pole halves of the assembly. The rotor mechanism is driven by a belt drive.
Slip rings are used to power the winding.
Stator mechanism - consists of a winding and a core. This element is designed to generate alternating current. The current generated by the mechanism is fed through the rings further along the electrical circuit.
In order for the generated excitation current to successfully reach the rings, brushes are used. These elements, as practice shows, often fail due to wear and tear.
Rectifier block. This component is designed to convert AC voltage. Structurally, this device consists of plates with installed diode elements. Depending on the pinout of the unit, the connection diagram for a car generator device may include a separate pair of winding diodes. In this case, voltage will not be able to pass through the battery when the engine is turned off.
Regulator relay. This element is designed to maintain a certain voltage level in the on-board network within normal limits. The regulator relay directly affects the frequency as well as the duration of the current signals. The regulator itself structurally includes controllers, as well as executive components. Their purpose is to determine the time during which the winding must be connected to the network. If the regulator relay for some reason fails, stabilization of the incoming voltage to the battery is lost.
The body of the device in which the main parts and components of the unit are located. The body itself is usually made of aluminum, so its weight is relatively light. The installation housing allows heat to be quickly dissipated, as a result of which the temperature does not reach a critical level. Also, the case is non-magnetic (the author of the video about the operating principle of the device is Mikhail Nesterov).

Basic faults

The manifestation of malfunctions is the voltage in the network leaving the specified limits, as well as extraneous sounds from the operating generator.

The reasons may be different:

wear of the brush assembly, it is replaced together with the integral relay;
deep wear of the commutator with brushes, if it can no longer be eliminated by grinding, replace the slip rings or the armature assembly;
failure of the armature bearings; they can be easily replaced after complete or partial disassembly of the generator;
burnout of rectifier diodes, currently they are not replaced individually, the entire diode bridge must be replaced;
short interturn short circuits or breaks in the armature or stator, the corresponding parts are changed;
burnt or corroded contacts, they can also be replaced or cleaned.

Not directly related to the generator, but a common malfunction is a strong whistle when adding engine speed. This indicates that the belt is slipping on the drive pulleys; the tension can be adjusted, but it is better to replace the belt.

When removing the generator for repair, it is advisable to immediately change the diode bridge, bearings and relay regulator with brushes. This way, the repaired device will gain the highest possible reliability, although only a new generator from a reputable manufacturer can provide a full guarantee.